Level A1Fundamentals
German Alphabet & Pronunciation: Ä, Ö, Ü, ß & Key Sounds
Learn all 26 German letters plus Ä, Ö, Ü, and ß, when to write ß vs. ss, Ich-Laut vs. Ach-Laut, ei vs. ie, and sp/st sound rules.
Lesson 1
78 guides · CEFR A1–C1
German Grammar Handbook
German follows clear structural rules for grammatical gender, the four cases, adjective endings, and verb placement. Browse 78 free grammar guides across CEFR levels A1–C1, complete with tables, study tips, and practice checkpoints.
Level A1Fundamentals
German Noun Gender & Articles: der, die, das Explained
Stop guessing der, die, and das. Learn the reliable German suffix rules, semantic gender patterns, key exceptions, and definite vs. indefinite articles.
Lesson 9
Level A1Fundamentals
Introduction to the 4 German Cases: Nominativ, Akkusativ, Dativ, Genitiv
Understand how German's four cases work—Nominative, Accusative, Dative, and Genitive—with question tests, the complete article chart, and clear examples.
Lesson 12
Level A1Fundamentals
German Word Order & The V2 Rule (Hauptsätze)
Master German main-clause word order: why the conjugated verb always holds Position 2 (V2), how inversion works, and when verbs move to Position 1.
Lesson 14
Level A1Fundamentals
Formal vs. Informal Address in German: Du, Ihr & Sie
Learn when to use du, ihr, and Sie in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, how verbs and pronouns change, capitalization rules, and workplace etiquette.
Lesson 2
Level A1Fundamentals
German Numbers & Counting: Cardinals, Ordinals & Large Numbers
Count confidently in German: 0–20, the inverted 21–99 rule (einundzwanzig), tens, thousands, German Millionen vs. Milliarden, ordinals, and prices.
Lesson 6
Level A1Fundamentals
Telling Time & Dates in German: Official 24h vs. Halb Drei
Master German clock times (24-hour official vs. colloquial halb vier, Viertel vor/nach), days, months, seasons, prepositions (um, am, im), and dates.
Lesson 16
Level A1Nouns & Noun Phrases
The Nominative Case in German: Subjects & Predicate Nouns
Master the German Nominative case (Nominativ): definite, indefinite, negative, and possessive articles, subjects vs. predicate nouns after sein, werden, bleiben.
Lesson 3
Level A1Nouns & Noun Phrases
The Accusative Case in German: Direct Objects & Masculine Shift
Learn the German Accusative case (Akkusativ): the masculine der→den / ein→einen shift, pronoun forms, transitive verbs, es gibt, and time expressions.
Lesson 12
Level A2Nouns & Noun Phrases
The Dative Case in German: Indirect Objects, -n Plurals & Dative Verbs
Master the German Dative case (Dativ): dem/der/dem/den articles, the Dative plural -n rule, dative personal pronouns, and core dative verbs like helfen & gefallen.
Lesson 31
Level B1Nouns & Noun Phrases
The Genitive Case in German: Possession, -s/-es Rules & Prepositions
Learn the German Genitive case (Genitiv): des/der articles, when masculine and neuter nouns add -es vs. -s, genitive prepositions, and spoken von + Dativ.
Lesson 61
Level A1Nouns & Noun Phrases
German Noun Plural Patterns: The 5 Endings & Umlaut Shifts
Learn how German noun plurals work without guessing: the 5 plural suffixes (-e, -(e)n, -er, zero, -s), Umlaut shifts, gender tendencies, and dative plural -n.
Lesson 11
Level B1Nouns & Noun Phrases
N-Declension in German: Weak Masculine Nouns (n-Deklination)
Learn which German masculine nouns belong to the n-Deklination (der Student, der Kollege, der Herr, der Name) and when to add -n or -en.
Lesson 73
Level A2Nouns & Noun Phrases
German Compound Nouns (Komposita): Gender & Linking Elements
Understand how German builds compound nouns (Komposita), why the last noun (Grundwort) sets the gender and plural, and how Fugenelemente (-s-, -n-, -er-) work.
Lesson 41
Level B2Nouns & Noun Phrases
Nominalized Verbs & Adjectives in German (Substantivierung)
Learn how German turns verbs (das Essen, das Lernen) and adjectives (der Bekannte, etwas Neues) into capitalized nouns—plus exact declension and capitalization rules.
Lesson 97
Level A1Pronouns
German Personal Pronouns: Full Nominative, Accusative & Dative Table
Master German personal pronouns (ich/mich/mir, du/dich/dir, er/ihn/ihm, Sie/Ihnen) across Nominative, Accusative, and Dative cases with clear examples.
Lesson 3
Level A1Pronouns
German Possessive Pronouns & Articles: mein, dein, sein, ihr, unser, euer
Master German possessive articles (mein, dein, sein, ihr, unser, euer, Ihr) across all 4 cases, the euer→eur- drop, and standalone possessive pronouns (meiner, meins).
Lesson 19
Level A2Pronouns
German Reflexive Pronouns: mich/mir, dich/dir & sich Explained
Learn German reflexive pronouns (mich vs. mir, dich vs. dir, sich, uns, euch) and the key rule for choosing Accusative vs. Dative reflexive forms.
Lesson 37
Level A2Pronouns
German Demonstrative Pronouns: dieser, der/die/das & jener
Learn German demonstrative pronouns and determiners (dieser/diese/dieses, stressed der/die/das, jener, derselbe) across all 4 cases in spoken and written German.
Lesson 46
Level A1Pronouns
German Interrogative Pronouns: wer/wen/wem/wessen, was, welcher & was für ein
Ask precise questions in German: master wer/wen/wem/wessen (who/whom/whose), was (what), welcher (which), and was für ein (what kind of) across all 4 cases.
Lesson 4
Level A2Pronouns
German Indefinite Pronouns: man, jemand, niemand, etwas, nichts, alle & jeder
Master German indefinite pronouns: how man declines to einen/einem, jemand vs. niemand, invariable etwas/nichts, and alle (plural) vs. jeder (singular).
Lesson 31
Level A1Adjectives
Predicative vs. Attributive Adjectives
Learn when German adjectives stay uninflected after sein, werden, and bleiben and when they need case and gender endings directly before a noun.
Lesson 24
Level A2Adjectives
Weak Declension (After der/die/das)
Master German weak adjective endings after der, die, das, dieser, and jeder using the simple 5-E Club rule and full four-case table.
Lesson 46
Level A2Adjectives
Mixed Declension (After ein/kein/mein)
Learn German mixed adjective endings after ein, kein, and mein, including the three signal-ending slots (-er, -es, -es) and full case table.
Lesson 46
Level B1Adjectives
Strong Declension (No Article)
Master German strong adjective endings when no article precedes the noun, including the full case table and the masculine/neuter genitive -en rule.
Lesson 62
Level A2Adjectives
Comparative & Superlative
Form German comparatives (-er + als), equal comparisons (so ... wie), and superlatives (am ...-sten / der ...-ste) including umlauts and irregular forms.
Lesson 36
Level B2Adjectives
Participial Adjectives (Partizipien als Adjektive)
Use German Partizip I (-d) and Partizip II before nouns with weak, mixed, and strong endings, plus understand extended participial phrases.
Lesson 95
Level B1Adjectives
Adjectives as Nouns (Substantivierte Adjektive)
Turn German adjectives into nouns while keeping weak, mixed, and strong endings—covering people, abstract concepts, alles vs. etwas, and nationalities.
Lesson 62
Level A1Verbs & Conjugation
Present Tense & Stem Changes
Conjugate regular and stem-changing German verbs in the present tense (Präsens), master sein, haben, and werden, and avoid -t/-d and seid/seit traps.
Lesson 5
Level A1Verbs & Conjugation
Separable & Inseparable Prefix Verbs
Tell German separable, inseparable (be-, emp-, ent-, er-, ge-, miss-, ver-, zer-), and two-way prefixes apart and place them accurately in any clause.
Lesson 15
Level A2Verbs & Conjugation
Present Perfect (Das Perfekt)
Build German Perfekt sentences with haben or sein and all six Partizip II patterns (regular, strong, mixed, -ieren, separable, and inseparable verbs).
Lesson 33
Level A2Verbs & Conjugation
Simple Past (Das Präteritum)
Learn when German speakers use the Präteritum instead of Perfekt (sein, haben, modals) and how to conjugate regular, strong, and mixed verbs.
Lesson 55
Level B1Verbs & Conjugation
Past Perfect (Das Plusquamperfekt)
Express an earlier past event with German Plusquamperfekt (hatte/war + Partizip II), master nachdem tense sequences, passive forms, and modal double infinitives.
Lesson 67
Level A2Verbs & Conjugation
Future Tenses (Futur I & Futur II)
Build German Futur I (werden + infinitive) and Futur II (werden + Partizip II + haben/sein) and tell them apart from Konjunktiv II and passive voice.
Lesson 58
Level B2Verbs & Conjugation
Assumptions with werden (Futur I & II)
Use German Futur I and Futur II with wohl, sicher, or wahrscheinlich to express present and past assumptions, plus compare modal certainty alternatives.
Lesson 100
Level A1Verbs & Conjugation
The 6 Modal Verbs
Master dürfen, können, müssen, sollen, wollen, and mögen in German: V2 Satzklammer order, irregular singular forms, polite möchte, and nicht müssen vs. nicht dürfen.
Lesson 21
Level B2Verbs & Conjugation
Subjective Use of Modal Verbs
Express speaker certainty (muss, dürfte, könnte, kann nicht) and reported claims (sollen vs. wollen) with German modal verbs in present and past tenses.
Lesson 100
Level A1Verbs & Conjugation
The Imperative Mood
Form German commands and polite requests across du, ihr, Sie, and wir—including e→i/ie vs. a→ä stem rules, irregular sein, and separable verbs.
Lesson 23
Level B1Verbs & Conjugation
The Passive Voice (Vorgangspassiv & Zustandspassiv)
Build German Vorgangspassiv (werden + Partizip II) across all tenses, contrast it with Zustandspassiv (sein + Partizip II), and choose von vs. durch correctly.
Lesson 63
Level B2Verbs & Conjugation
Passive Substitutes (Passiversatzformen)
Replace clunky passive verbs in B2–C1 German using sich lassen + infinitive, sein + zu + infinitive, -bar/-lich adjectives, man, and the gerundive.
Lesson 92
Level B1Verbs & Conjugation
Verbs with Fixed Prepositions
Learn German verb-preposition pairs with Accusative and Dative cases, master sich freuen auf vs. über, and build da- and wo- compounds accurately.
Lesson 68
Level A2Verbs & Conjugation
Reflexive Verbs (Reflexive Verben)
Learn German reflexive verbs with sich, when to use mich/dich vs. mir/dir, true vs. partial reflexives, and why Perfekt always uses haben.
Lesson 37
Level B2Verbs & Conjugation
The Verb 'lassen' (Let / Have Done)
Master German lassen across its 4 core meanings, irregular conjugation, dative causative phrases, sich lassen passive substitutes, and double infinitives.
Lesson 92
Level B1Verbs & Conjugation
The Triple Role of 'werden'
Understand the three grammatical roles of German werden—main verb (become), future auxiliary, and passive voice—plus geworden vs. worden.
Lesson 63
Level B1Verbs & Conjugation
Subjunctive II (Konjunktiv II)
Learn German Konjunktiv II for polite requests, unreal wishes, and present or past hypotheticals using wäre, hätte, modal verbs, and würde.
Lesson 65
Level B2Verbs & Conjugation
Subjunctive I (Konjunktiv I)
Master German Konjunktiv I for neutral reported speech (Indirekte Rede) in news and essays, irregular sein forms, and the Konjunktiv II replacement rule.
Lesson 93
Level B2Verbs & Conjugation
Double Infinitive Construction
Learn when German replaces past participles with an infinitive (Ersatzinfinitiv) for modals and lassen, plus its special subordinate clause word order.
Lesson 94
Level A2Adverbs & Particles
Adverb Order (The TeKaMoLo Rule)
Master German adverb order in the middle field with TeKaMoLo (Temporal, Kausal, Modal, Lokal), plus how emphasis and Position 1 affect sentence rhythm.
Lesson 38
Level A2Adverbs & Particles
Adverb Types & Comparison
Learn the 4 core types of German adverbs (time, place, degree, manner), why adverbs never take declension endings, and how to form comparatives and superlatives.
Lesson 36
Level B1Adverbs & Particles
Modal Particles (Abtönungspartikeln)
Learn how German modal particles (Abtönungspartikeln) like doch, ja, mal, denn, eben, and halt add tone, warmth, and nuance in the Mittelfeld.
Lesson 87
Level A2Adverbs & Particles
Directional Adverbs: hin & her
Learn when to use hin (away) vs. her (toward you) in German, compound adverbs like herein/hinaus, spoken r- contractions, and wohin vs. woher.
Lesson 32
Level B1Adverbs & Particles
Pronominal Adverbs (da- & wo- Compounds)
Learn when to form German da(r)- and wo(r)- pronominal adverbs like darauf, damit, and woran for things, and why people require preposition + pronoun.
Lesson 70
Level A1Sentence Structure & Clauses
Prepositions Classified by Case
Complete guide to German prepositions by case: accusative (DOGFU), dative (aus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu), two-way, and genitive prepositions.
Lesson 28
Level A2Sentence Structure & Clauses
Two-Way Prepositions & Positional Verbs (Wechselpräpositionen)
Master all 9 German Wechselpräpositionen (an, auf, in, etc.), Wo (Dative) vs. Wohin (Accusative), the 4 positional verb pairs, and time expressions.
Lesson 32
Level A1Sentence Structure & Clauses
Coordinating Conjunctions (ADUSO)
Learn the 5 German ADUSO coordinating conjunctions (aber, denn, und, sondern, oder), Position 0 word order, comma rules, and aber vs. sondern.
Lesson 14
Level A2Sentence Structure & Clauses
Subordinating Conjunctions & Verb-Final Rule
Master German subordinating conjunctions (weil, dass, ob, obwohl, wenn, als, damit), the verb-final Nebensatz rule, and als vs. wenn vs. wann.
Lesson 38
Level B2Sentence Structure & Clauses
Two-Part Connectors (Doppelkonnektoren)
Master German two-part connectors (sowohl...als auch, weder...noch, nicht nur...sondern auch, zwar...aber, entweder...oder, je...desto) and comma rules.
Lesson 96
Level B1Sentence Structure & Clauses
Connectors & Word Order (Konnektoren)
Learn the 3 groups of German connectors (Position 0 conjunctions, Position 1 adverbs like deshalb/trotzdem, and verb-final subordinators) with clear examples.
Lesson 67
Level B1Sentence Structure & Clauses
Relative Clauses (Relativsätze)
Learn how to choose German relative pronouns (der, die, das, denen, dessen, deren) by separating antecedent gender/number from inner-clause case.
Lesson 71
Level B1Sentence Structure & Clauses
Relative Clauses with Prepositions & Special Pronouns
Learn preposition + relative pronoun (mit dem, über den), when to use wo(r)- compounds vs. relative pronouns, and when German uses 'was' or 'wo'.
Lesson 72
Level B1Sentence Structure & Clauses
Infinitive Clauses with 'zu'
Learn when to use zu + infinitive in German, how to place zu inside separable verbs like abzuschließen, and when modal or perception verbs drop zu.
Lesson 67
Level A1Sentence Structure & Clauses
Negation: nicht vs. kein
Master German negation with nicht and kein. Learn when to use kein before nouns, where nicht goes in a sentence, and how partial negation works.
Lesson 10
Level A2Sentence Structure & Clauses
Indirect Questions (Indirekte Fragen)
Form polite indirect questions in German using W-words and ob. Learn why the conjugated verb moves to the end and avoid common word-order traps.
Lesson 40
Level B1Sentence Structure & Clauses
Conditional Sentences (Bedingungssätze)
Master all three German conditional types: real wenn-clauses, unreal present Konjunktiv II, unreal past with hätte/wäre, falls vs. wenn, and verb-first style.
Lesson 66
Level B2Sentence Structure & Clauses
Comparisons with als ob / als wenn
Express 'as if' in German with als ob, als wenn, and verb-first als. Master Konjunktiv II time relations and avoid common word-order errors.
Lesson 94
Level B1Sentence Structure & Clauses
Temporal Clauses & Time Expressions
Choose accurately between als, wenn, wann, bevor, nachdem, während, bis, seitdem, sobald, and solange, and master the mandatory nachdem tense shift.
Lesson 67
Level B1Sentence Structure & Clauses
Purpose, Reason & Result Clauses
Distinguish German reason (weil, da, denn), purpose (damit, um ... zu), result (so ... dass, sodass), and concessive clauses (obwohl, trotzdem) with exact word order.
Lesson 67
Level B2Sentence Structure & Clauses
Reported Speech in Practice
Turn direct quotes, questions, and commands into German indirect speech using Konjunktiv I, Konjunktiv II fallbacks, tense shifts, and casual dass-clauses.
Lesson 93
Level A2Common Expressions & Idioms
'Es' Constructions (The Many Uses of 'es')
Understand every role of German es: neuter pronoun, es gibt + accusative, impersonal weather/feelings, removable Platzhalter-es, correlative es, and fixed idioms.
Lesson 20
Level B1Common Expressions & Idioms
Essential German Idioms & Redewendungen
Learn 19 high-frequency German idioms (Redewendungen) and proverbs across animals, food, body parts, and daily wisdom—with literal glosses and usage notes.
Lesson 85
Level A2Common Expressions & Idioms
Functional Phrases for Daily Life
Navigate daily life in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland with practical phrases for cafés, shopping, directions, opinions, phone calls, and formal emails.
Lesson 45
Level B1Common Expressions & Idioms
False Friends (Falsche Freunde)
Avoid the 20 most dangerous German-English false friends—including Gift, Chef, bekommen, aktuell, Handy, and eventuell—with real articles, glosses, and memory tips.
Lesson 85
Level C1Advanced Grammar (B2–C1)
The Extended Attribute (Erweitertes Attribut)
Decode and build German extended participial attributes (erweitertes Attribut) using Partizip I and II, relative-clause conversions, and a clear reading strategy.
Lesson 122
Level C1Advanced Grammar (B2–C1)
The Gerundive (zu + Partizip I)
Master the German Gerundiv (zu + Partizip I + ending) to express what must or can be done—including separable verbs, passive equivalents, and noun declension.
Lesson 122
Level B2Advanced Grammar (B2–C1)
Genitive Expressions & Functional Noun Groups
Master formal German genitive prepositions (aufgrund, infolge, anhand), fixed genitive idioms, and Funktionsverbgefüge like in Betracht ziehen or eine Entscheidung treffen.
Lesson 98
Level C1Advanced Grammar (B2–C1)
Nominalization Patterns (Nominalisierung)
Convert verbal clauses into formal German nominal phrases (Nominalstil): verb-to-noun suffixes, genitive subjects/objects, preposition shifts, and examples.
Lesson 97
Level C1Advanced Grammar (B2–C1)
Academic & Formal Connectors
Build cohesive C1 essays and reports with formal German connectors for adding, contrasting, cause-and-effect, structuring, and concluding—plus exact word order.
Lesson 135
Level C1Advanced Grammar (B2–C1)
Register & Style (Formal vs. Informal German)
Navigate German registers from casual Umgangssprache to Standardsprache, Gehobene Sprache, and Amtssprache—including contractions, weil word order, and nominal style.
Lesson 121
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