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Formal vs. Informal Address in German: Du, Ihr & Sie

Learn when to use du, ihr, and Sie in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, how verbs and pronouns change, capitalization rules, and workplace etiquette.

By GermanLogic Editorial TeamPublished 4 min read

German draws a clear social and grammatical line between informal (duzen) and formal (siezen) address. Choosing the right form shapes your pronouns, verb endings, possessive articles, and commands, while also signaling social awareness across Germany, Austria, and Switzerland.

The Three Ways to Say “You” in German

Form Register & Number Verb Pattern Capitalization in Writing
du Informal, 1 person -st ending (du kommst, du hast) Normally lowercase (du, dich, dir, dein); optional caps (Du) in personal letters
ihr Informal, 2+ people -t ending (ihr kommt, ihr habt) Normally lowercase (ihr, euch, euer); optional caps (Ihr) in personal letters
Sie Formal, 1 or more people -en infinitive-like ending (Sie kommen, Sie haben) ALWAYS capitalized (Sie, Ihnen, Ihr, Ihre)

Note that formal Sie shares its verb forms with sie (“they”), whereas du and ihr each have distinct verb endings:

Verb du (1 friend) ihr (2+ friends) Sie (formal, sg. or pl.)
sein (to be) du bist ihr seid Sie sind
haben (to have) du hast ihr habt Sie haben
kommen (to come) du kommst ihr kommt Sie kommen
wissen (to know) du weißt ihr wisst Sie wissen
sprechen (to speak) du sprichst ihr sprecht Sie sprechen

Pronouns & Possessives Across Cases

Be careful not to mix cases or registers inside the same sentence:

Role / Phrase Informal Singular (du) Informal Plural (ihr) Formal (Sie)
Nominative (“you”) du ihr Sie
Accusative (“you” object) dich euch Sie
Dative (“to you”) dir euch Ihnen
Possessive (“your”) dein / deine euer / eure Ihr / Ihre
“How are you?” Wie geht es dir? Wie geht es euch? Wie geht es Ihnen?
“Can you help me?” Kannst du mir helfen? Könnt ihr mir helfen? Können Sie mir helfen?
“Thank you!” Danke dir! Danke euch! Ich danke Ihnen!

Check how formal Sie behaves in imperative commands too:

  • Informal sg.: Komm bitte rein! (Come in, please!)
  • Informal pl.: Kommt bitte rein!
  • Formal: Kommen Sie bitte rein! (Notice the pronoun Sie is explicitly spoken and placed after the verb.)

Social Etiquette: When to Use du vs. Sie

Use du / ihr with:

  • Family members, close friends, and partners
  • Children and teenagers (up to roughly age 15–16)
  • Fellow university students (often even if you haven’t met yet)
  • Animals and pets
  • Workplaces with an explicit Du-Kultur (startups, tech teams, creative studios, sports clubs)

Use Sie with:

  • Strangers and adults you are meeting for the first time
  • Officials at the Bürgeramt, Ausländerbehörde, Finanzamt, or police
  • Doctors, lawyers, teachers, professors, and landlords
  • Customer service staff, clerks, and waiters in standard shops/restaurants
  • Colleagues in traditional firms, banks, and public administration unless invited to switch

How Switching Works (Das Du anbieten)

In DACH social etiquette, the older person, host, or higher-ranking person initiates switching from Sie to du:

  • „Wollen wir uns duzen?“ (Shall we use du?)
  • „Sagen Sie ruhig ‚du‘ zu mir! Ich bin Lukas.“ (Feel free to call me du! I’m Lukas.)

Regional & Modern Nuances (Sie + Vorname and Ihr)

  • First name + Sie (known as the Hamburger Sie, e.g., „Frau Weber, können Sie…“ or „Lukas, haben Sie kurz Zeit?“): Increasingly common in international firms, universities, and service environments.
  • Casual shops/cafés: Younger baristas or trendy venues in Berlin, Vienna, or Zurich often default to du / ihr. If a cashier says Sie, reply with Sie.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Mistake Why It Happens Fix
Writing „Wie geht es sie?“ or „Können sie mir helfen?“ Lowercasing formal Sie or choosing the nominative instead of dative Always capitalize formal forms and match case: Wie geht es Ihnen? / Können Sie mir helfen?
Saying „Kannst du mir helfen, Herr Müller?“ Mixing informal du with formal title Herr/Frau Match title and pronoun: Können Sie mir helfen, Herr Müller?
Using du for two friends together Translating English “you” directly Address 2+ friends with ihr: Kommt ihr heute Abend mit?
Using Sie without the pronoun in commands (*Kommen rein!) Copying the du imperative pattern Always include Sie: Kommen Sie rein!

Next, review the complete pronoun system in Personal Pronouns or practice polite requests in The Imperative Mood.

Practice checkpoint · 3 questions

Quick practice check

Test your understanding before moving on — instant feedback on every answer.

0 / 3 answered
Q1.How do you politely ask a stranger 'How are you?'
Q2.Which pronoun do you use to address several friends at once?
Q3.Which word must always be capitalized in writing?

Frequently asked questions

What is the difference between du, ihr, and Sie?

du addresses one person informally (friends, family, children). ihr addresses two or more people informally ('you all'). Sie is the formal pronoun for both one person and multiple people (strangers, officials, clients, unfamiliar adults).

Must Sie always be capitalized in German?

Yes. Formal Sie and all of its declined/possessive forms (Ihnen, Ihr, Ihre, Ihren) must ALWAYS be capitalized in writing so they are not confused with 'sie' (she/they). Informal du/ihr are normally lowercase, though capitalizing Du/Dich/Euch in personal letters or emails is also acceptable.

Who initiates the switch from Sie to du (das Du anbieten)?

Traditionally, the older person, the higher-ranking colleague, or the host initiates the switch—often by asking 'Wollen wir uns duzen?' or 'Sollen wir per Du sein?'

How do you ask 'How are you?' formally vs. informally?

Formally, ask 'Wie geht es Ihnen?' (using the dative of Sie). Informally to one person, ask 'Wie geht es dir?' or 'Wie geht's?'; to multiple friends, ask 'Wie geht es euch?'

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